路由允许用户为不同的URL端点指定处理程序函数。
基本路线如下所示,其中 app 是的实例 Sanic 班级:
from sanic.response import json @app.route("/") async def test(request): return json({ "hello": "world" })
当url http://server.url/ 被访问(服务器的基本url),最后 / 由路由器匹配到处理程序函数, test ,然后返回一个JSON对象。
必须使用 async def 语法,因为它们是异步函数。
请求参数
SANIC附带了一个支持请求参数的基本路由器。
若要指定参数,请使用角引号将其括起来,如下所示: <PARAM> . 请求参数将作为关键字参数传递给路由处理程序函数。
from sanic.response import text @app.route('/tag/<tag>') async def tag_handler(request, tag): return text('Tag - {}'.format(tag))
若要指定参数的类型,请添加 :type 在参数名后面,引号内。如果参数与指定的类型不匹配,Sanic将抛出 NotFound 异常,导致 404: Page not found URL错误。
支持的类型
- string
- “鲍勃”
- “ Python 3”
- int
- 10
- 20
- 30
- -10
- (这里没有浮点数)
- number
- 1
- 1.5
- 10
- -10
- alpha
- “鲍勃”
- “ Python ”
- (如果它包含符号或非字母数字字符,它将失败)
- path
- “你好”
- “hello.text”
- “你好,世界”
- uuid
- 123A123A-A12A-1A1A-A1A1-1A12A1A12345(Uuidv4支持)
- regex expression
如果未设置类型,则应为字符串。为函数提供的参数将始终是一个字符串,与类型无关。
from sanic.response import text @app.route('/string/<string_arg:string>') async def string_handler(request, string_arg): return text('String - {}'.format(string_arg)) @app.route('/int/<integer_arg:int>') async def integer_handler(request, integer_arg): return text('Integer - {}'.format(integer_arg)) @app.route('/number/<number_arg:number>') async def number_handler(request, number_arg): return text('Number - {}'.format(number_arg)) @app.route('/alpha/<alpha_arg:alpha>') async def number_handler(request, alpha_arg): return text('Alpha - {}'.format(alpha_arg)) @app.route('/path/<path_arg:path>') async def number_handler(request, path_arg): return text('Path - {}'.format(path_arg)) @app.route('/uuid/<uuid_arg:uuid>') async def number_handler(request, uuid_arg): return text('Uuid - {}'.format(uuid_arg)) @app.route('/person/<name:[A-z]+>') async def person_handler(request, name): return text('Person - {}'.format(name)) @app.route('/folder/<folder_id:[A-z0-9]{0,4}>') async def folder_handler(request, folder_id): return text('Folder - {}'.format(folder_id))
警告
str is not a valid type tag. If you want str recognition then you must use string
HTTP请求类型
默认情况下,在URL上定义的路由将仅对该URL的GET请求可用。然而 @app.route decorator接受一个可选参数, methods ,它允许handler函数处理列表中的任何HTTP方法。
from sanic.response import text @app.route('/post', methods=['POST']) async def post_handler(request): return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json)) @app.route('/get', methods=['GET']) async def get_handler(request): return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
还有一个可选的 host 参数(可以是列表或字符串)。这会将路由限制到所提供的一台或多台主机。如果也有一条没有主机的路由,则它将是默认路由。
@app.route('/get', methods=['GET'], host='example.com') async def get_handler(request): return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args)) # if the host header doesn't match example.com, this route will be used @app.route('/get', methods=['GET']) async def get_handler(request): return text('GET request in default - {}'.format(request.args))
还有一些速记方法装饰师:
from sanic.response import text @app.post('/post') async def post_handler(request): return text('POST request - {}'.format(request.json)) @app.get('/get') async def get_handler(request): return text('GET request - {}'.format(request.args))
这个 add_route 方法
正如我们所看到的,通常使用 @app.route 装饰工。然而,这个装饰器实际上只是 app.add_route 方法,使用如下:
from sanic.response import text # Define the handler functions async def handler1(request): return text('OK') async def handler2(request, name): return text('Folder - {}'.format(name)) async def person_handler2(request, name): return text('Person - {}'.format(name)) # Add each handler function as a route app.add_route(handler1, '/test') app.add_route(handler2, '/folder/<name>') app.add_route(person_handler2, '/person/<name:[A-z]>', methods=['GET'])
URL生成方式 url_for
Sanic提供 url_for 方法,以根据处理程序方法名生成URL。如果您希望避免将url路径硬编码到应用程序中,这将非常有用;相反,您可以只引用处理程序名称。例如:
from sanic.response import redirect @app.route('/') async def index(request): # generate a URL for the endpoint `post_handler` url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5) # the URL is `/posts/5`, redirect to it return redirect(url) @app.route('/posts/<post_id>') async def post_handler(request, post_id): return text('Post - {}'.format(post_id))
使用时要记住的其他事项 url_for :
- 传递给的关键字参数 url_for 非请求参数将包含在URL的查询字符串中。例如:
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', arg_two='two') # /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_two=two
- 多值参数可以传递给 url_for . 例如:
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two']) # /posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two
- 还有一些特殊的论点 (_anchor, _ 外部, _scheme, _ 方法, _server) passed to url_for will have special url building (`_ 方法“”现在不受支持,将被忽略)。例如:
url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _anchor='anchor') # /posts/5?arg_one=one#anchor url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _external=True) # //server/posts/5?arg_one=one # _external requires you to pass an argument _server or set SERVER_NAME in app.config if not url will be same as no _external url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one='one', _scheme='http', _external=True) # http://server/posts/5?arg_one=one # when specifying _scheme, _external must be True # you can pass all special arguments at once url = app.url_for('post_handler', post_id=5, arg_one=['one', 'two'], arg_two=2, _anchor='anchor', _scheme='http', _external=True, _server='another_server:8888') # http://another_server:8888/posts/5?arg_one=one&arg_one=two&arg_two=2#anchor
- 必须将所有有效参数传递给 url_for 创建URL。如果未提供参数,或者参数与指定类型不匹配,则 URLBuildError 将被提升。
WebSocket路由
WebSocket协议的路由可以用 @app.websocket 装饰者:
@app.websocket('/feed') async def feed(request, ws): while True: data = 'hello!' print('Sending: ' + data) await ws.send(data) data = await ws.recv() print('Received: ' + data)
或者, app.add_websocket_route 方法可以代替修饰器:
async def feed(request, ws): pass app.add_websocket_route(my_websocket_handler, '/feed')
调用WebSocket路由的处理程序时,请求作为第一个参数,WebSocket协议对象作为第二个参数。协议对象具有 send 和 recv 方法分别发送和接收数据。
WebSocket支持需要 websockets Aymeric Augustin包装。
关于 strict_slashes
你可以做 routes 是否严格到尾随斜杠,它是可配置的。
# provide default strict_slashes value for all routes app = Sanic('test_route_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True) # you can also overwrite strict_slashes value for specific route @app.get('/get', strict_slashes=False) def handler(request): return text('OK') # It also works for blueprints bp = Blueprint('test_bp_strict_slash', strict_slashes=True) @bp.get('/bp/get', strict_slashes=False) def handler(request): return text('OK') app.blueprint(bp)
如何 strict_slashes 标志遵循定义的层次结构,该层次结构决定特定路由是否属于 strict_slashes 行为。
路线/
├——蓝图/
├——应用/
上面的层次结构定义了 strict_slashes 旗子会起作用的。第一个非 None 价值观 strict_slashes 在上述顺序中找到的将应用于所讨论的路线。
from sanic import Sanic, Blueprint from sanic.response import text app = Sanic("sample_strict_slashes", strict_slashes=True) @app.get("/r1") def r1(request): return text("strict_slashes is applicable from App level") @app.get("/r2", strict_slashes=False) def r2(request): return text("strict_slashes is not applicable due to False value set in route level") bp = Blueprint("bp", strict_slashes=False) @bp.get("/r3", strict_slashes=True) def r3(request): return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint route level") bp1 = Blueprint("bp1", strict_slashes=True) @bp.get("/r4") def r3(request): return text("strict_slashes applicable from blueprint level")
用户定义的路由名称
自定义路由名可以通过传递 name 在注册将重写使用 handler.__name__ 属性。
app = Sanic('test_named_route') @app.get('/get', name='get_handler') def handler(request): return text('OK') # then you need use `app.url_for('get_handler')` # instead of # `app.url_for('handler')` # It also works for blueprints bp = Blueprint('test_named_bp') @bp.get('/bp/get', name='get_handler') def handler(request): return text('OK') app.blueprint(bp) # then you need use `app.url_for('test_named_bp.get_handler')` # instead of `app.url_for('test_named_bp.handler')` # different names can be used for same url with different methods @app.get('/test', name='route_test') def handler(request): return text('OK') @app.post('/test', name='route_post') def handler2(request): return text('OK POST') @app.put('/test', name='route_put') def handler3(request): return text('OK PUT') # below url are the same, you can use any of them # '/test' app.url_for('route_test') # app.url_for('route_post') # app.url_for('route_put') # for same handler name with different methods # you need specify the name (it's url_for issue) @app.get('/get') def handler(request): return text('OK') @app.post('/post', name='post_handler') def handler(request): return text('OK') # then # app.url_for('handler') == '/get' # app.url_for('post_handler') == '/post'
为静态文件生成URL
Sanic支持使用 url_for 方法来生成静态文件URL。如果静态url指向一个目录, filename 参数 url_for 可以忽略。
app = Sanic('test_static') app.static('/static', './static') app.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads') app.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png') bp = Blueprint('bp', url_prefix='bp') bp.static('/static', './static') bp.static('/uploads', './uploads', name='uploads') bp.static('/the_best.png', '/home/ubuntu/test.png', name='best_png') app.blueprint(bp) # then build the url app.url_for('static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt' app.url_for('static', name='static', filename='file.txt') == '/static/file.txt' app.url_for('static', name='uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/uploads/file.txt' app.url_for('static', name='best_png') == '/the_best.png' # blueprint url building app.url_for('static', name='bp.static', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/static/file.txt' app.url_for('static', name='bp.uploads', filename='file.txt') == '/bp/uploads/file.txt' app.url_for('static', name='bp.best_png') == '/bp/static/the_best.png'